Pipe bend, Pipe bending, Small size pipe bending, Large size pipe bending, Butt-welded pipe bending, Seamless pipe bending Sunny Steeel

What’s a pipe bend?

Bend on process

A pipe bend is the generic term for what is called in piping as an “offset” – a change in direction of the piping. A bend is usually meant to mean nothing more than that there is a “bend”– a change in direction of the piping (usually for some specific reason) – but it lacks specific, engineering definition as to direction and degree. Bends are usually custom-made (using a bending machine) on site and suited for a specific need.

Pipe bends typically have a minimum bending radius of 1.5 times pipe radius (R). If this bending radius is less than 1.5R, it is called Elbow. Reference to any international / industry standard need to be traced. 1.5, 3 and 4.5 R are the most common bending radii in industry.

A pipe bend typically flows smoother since there are not irregular surfaces on the inside of the pipe, nor does the fluid have to change direction abruptly.

The most basic difference of them is the elbow relatively short than bend, R = 1D to 2 D is elbow More than 2D is bend. In the production process, cold bends can use Bending Machine to bend by ready-made straight bend. One-time completed also don’t need second corrosion. But elbow need manufacturers make to order, to do anti-corrosion, order cycle is long. Elbow price is higher than bend. But cost performance is much higher than bend. It is well-known that bend do not have anticorrosive processing is easy damaged, but the price is cheap so are used very much in some demand which not very high engineering.

Pipe bends are used in many industries, including chemical, oil and gas, electric, metallurgy and shipbuilding. Pipe bends function as structural passageways to facilitate the transfer of substances, such as water and fuel. Some have a short radius while others have a long radius. Long radius bends give less frictional resistance and allow for less pressure drop when compared to short radius bends. When selecting the type of pipe bend, it’s important to choose one that is compatible to the application.

The Radii of Bend Pipes

Bend pipes come in all types of radii, including 3D bends, 4D bends, 5D bends, 8D bends and 10D bends. The radius in 5D bends is five times the nominal diameter. With a 10-inch diameter pipe, the radius of the centerline of the bend would be 50 inches. Pipe bending for the specified radii is both art and science. And with today’s modern machines and advanced software, pipe bending is highly precise. With the right machine, lubrication, tooling and material, achieving the perfect bend is a sure thing.

The Differences Between Bends and Elbows

Although the words bends and elbows are often used as synonyms, there are some differences. Bend is a term for any offset of direction in the piping while elbow is an engineering term. Elbows have limitations to angle, bend radius and size. Most angles are either 45 degrees or 90 degrees. All other offsets are specifically pipe bends. And while elbows have sharp corners, bends never do. The most basic different between a bend and an elbow is the radius of curvature. Bends have a radius more than twice the diameter, and elbows have a radius of curvature between one and two times the size of the pipe’s diameter. All elbows are bends, but not all bends are elbows.

Induction Bending for Creating 5D Bends

Induction bending is one of the means of bending pipes for 5D and other bends. Local heating, using high-frequency induced electrical power, is applied. An induction coil is placed around the pipe and heats a circumferential area of the pipe at a temperature between 850 to 1100 degrees Celsius. When the right temperature is reached, the pipe moves through an induction coil while an arm applies the bending force. There are many benefits to induction bending. It allows for large radii for smooth flow of fluid, reduces the number of welds in a system and fabricates bends quickly. With faster production, efficiency is ramped up. It’s also a clean process, as no lubrication is needed, and water is recycled.

Ram-Type Bending

Ram-type bending is an old and effective bending method for bending pipes, including 4D bends and 5D bends. This method is often used in muffler shops. It’s also one of the least expensive ways to bend pipe. A hydraulically driven ram forces the pipe against pivot blocks or rollers. Often, a ram tool is used to produce a concave surface and to prevent stretching on the exterior of the bend. The only downside is that ram-type bending is not as controllable as other methods.

Roll Bending

Roll bending is commonly used for pipes in the construction industry. Rolls are positioned vertically or horizontally to produce very large radii. The pinch-style roll bender is one of the machine types used for roll bending. A tube feeds between the lower and upper roll to produce the wanted bend angle. Some applications may require an additional roll to guide the tube outward when the coil is being formed.

Mandrel Bending

The mandrel bending pipe method is effective when the least amount of deformation is desired. The pipe is supported with a mandrel support to bend the pipe. The pipe is drawn through a counter bending die for further bending. This method of pipe bending is used in the manufacture of heat exchanger tubing, dairy tubing and exhausts like turbocharger and custom made ones. This method produces a non-deformed diameter every time.

Rotary Draw Bending

Rotary draw bending is often used for bending pipe when a constant diameter and good finish are desired. The pipe is drawn through a stationary counter-bending die onto a fixed radius former die. It’s used for roll cages, stock car chassis and other types of pipes.

Centerline Radius, Outside Diameter and Wall Thickness

Centerline radius, outside diameter and wall thickness are important variables with bending pipe methods. Plus, every pipe schedule has a nominal wall thickness. And since wall thickness can vary, any variations need to be accounted for. Other bending variables include the neutral line, outside bend radius and inside bend radius. Pipes experience spring back after bending. The harder the pipe and small the bend’s centerline radius, the more spring back, which results in radial growth. Copper pipes have less radial growth than steel pipe due to its less spring back. In pipe bending, consistency, size and quality of the weld seam matter for centerline radius, outside diameter and wall thickness. When these are right, the perfect bend can be created.

Material Used for 5D Bends, 6D Bends and Others

Common materials used for pipes and pipe bends include carbon, stainless steel, titanium, aluminum and cast iron. There are also plastic pipes of various grades. It’s important to select the right material for the right application, including the pipe fittings. Pipe fitting materials include aluminum, brass, bronze, cast iron, vitrified clay and many others. Pipe fittings must satisfy many criteria. The materials must be compatible with the fluids being transported, different pressure levels and fluctuating temperatures. Materials should also conform to certain standards like DIN, ASME, NPT and BSP. Surface finish is also important, and pipe fittings should have a corrosion-resistant property.

In some fields, the schedule 40 and schedule 80 are used for pipes. However, there are many other schedules due to increased pressure demands. The schedule of a pipe refers to its pressure rating. The higher the schedule, the higher pressure it can have. As the schedule increases, the wall thickness increases. When choosing pipe bends, it is critical to consider the schedule of the pipe. Schedule 80 is often used for heavy-duty while schedule 40 is often used for light-duty. Be sure to choose the appropriate schedule for the pipe bend, and it will be a perfect match.

Figure. Flow in a standard, long-radius bend is illustrated here, with typical flow patterns, wear points and reacceleration zone shown

Bend geometry

Pipe bends can take a variety of different geometries, which can have a significant influence on particle impact angle. Basic long-radius bends are the most commonly used because they provide the most gradual change in direction for solids, and because the angle of impact on the pipe wall is relatively small, which helps to minimize the risk of attrition or erosion.

Common-radius bends are made by bending standard tubes or pipes (Figure). The radius of curvature, RB, may range from 1 to 24 times the tube diameter, D. Common-radius bends can be loosely classified as follows: Elbow (RB /D = 1 to 2.5); Short radius RB /D = 3 to 7; Long-radius (RB /D = 8 to 14; Long sweep (RB /D = 15 to 24).

Pressure drop associated with bends

As particle impacts occur, particularly against bends, there will be a significant reduction in particle velocity. These particles will then have to be re-accelerated back to their terminal velocity, which will add significantly to the pressure drop — and hence, energy loss — for the conveying system. This is particularly true after short-radius bends.

The pressure drop in a bend depends on the ratio of bend radius to pipe diameter, the gas velocity, Ug, and the internal roughness, k, of the pipe. When a two-phase, gas-solid suspension undergoes a directional change in a pipeline, the bend naturally acts as a segregator of the two phases. Centrifugal forces act on the particles, concentrating them near the outer wall of the bend. Friction coefficients within the bend will be different than those in the adjacent straight sections.

Pipe bend for pneumatic conveying

Pipe Bends Directly from the Manufacturer

For pneumatic conveying systems, we manufacture thin-walled pipe bends, as well as offset bends, with bending radii of up to 1,250 mm on state-of-the-art CNC-controlled pipe bending machines, wrinkle-free and clean.

Materials 1.4301/1.4307/1.4404/1.4571 (and all cold-formable materials)

Pipes with smoothed weld seam or scraped (DIN 11850 / DIN 17457) Outer diameter 38.0 – 406.4 mm, wall thicknesses e.g. 1.5 / 2.0 / 3.0 mm

We manufacture stainless steel pipe elbows up to an outside pipe diameter of 406.4 mm on an area of 1000 m². Common dimensions available from stock – ask us! Extract from our bending tool list. Materials e.g. 1.4301, 1.4307, 1.4541, 1.4571 or aluminum. Other dimensions, radii and materials are available. All degree numbers up to max. 180° possible. Pipe bends with SVL (leg extensions) according to customer requirements.

Pipe bends may be manufactured in various degrees of curvature, such as 45-degree, 90-degree, and 180-degree bends, depending on the requirements of each application. They may also come in different sizes and materials to suit specific needs.

Pipe bends can be made by a variety of manufacturing methods, including hot and cold bending, welding, and pressing. The manufacturing method used depends on the size, material, and degree of curvature of the pipe bend.

In addition to their primary function of changing the direction of fluid flow, pipe bends may also provide benefits such as improved flow rates, reduced pressure drops, and lower maintenance costs. They may be used in a wide range of applications, including in chemical processing plants, power generation facilities, and oil and gas refineries.

While pipe bends can offer many benefits, they may also have some drawbacks. For example, pipe bends can increase turbulence and pressure drop within the pipeline, which can decrease energy efficiency and increase pumping costs.

Size

The bend is used to change the direction of run of pipe.it advantage is can matach long distance transition requirements,so it is commonly that bends dimension according to customer design.

Constants for Pipe Bends:

Formula:L = R x BL = Length of pipe requiredR = Radius of bendB = Constant from table used to find “L”L =30 x 1.5705 =47.115 in.or 47-1/8”

Standards accord to：

ASME B16.9
ASME B16.28
ANSI/ASME B16.25
MSS SP-97

Pressure: SCH5 to SCH160

Bending radius(R): R=3D, 5D, 7D and 12D
Bending angle (θ):15°, 30°, 45°, 60°, 90°, 135°, 180°

Outer diamete(D): D≤1800mm
Wall thickness(T): T≤120mm
Straight Length (L): The length between two ends general from 300mm-1500mm

Example: Find the length of pipe required to make a 90 bend with a radius of 30"

Nominal pipe	Outside Diameter at Bevel				Center to End
DN size	D1		D2		C	M
DN size	Series A	Series B	Series A	Series B
20×15	26.9	25	21.3	18	29	29
25×20	33.7	32	26.9	25	38	38
25×15	33.7	32	21.3	18	38	38
32×25	42.4	38	33.7	32	48	48
32×20	42.4	38	26.9	25	48	48
32×15	42.4	38	21.3	18	48	48
40×32	48.3	45	42.4	38	57	57
40×25	48.3	45	33.7	32	57	57
40×20	48.3	45	26.7	25	57	57
40×15	48.3	45	21.3	18	57	57
50×40	60.3	57	48.3	45	64	60
50×32	60.3	57	42.4	38	64	57
50×25	60.3	57	33.7	32	64	51
50×20	60.3	57	26.9	25	64	44
65×50	76.1(73)	76	60.3	57	76	70
65×40	76.1(73)	76	48.3	45	76	67
65×32	76.1(73)	76	42.4	38	76	64
65×25	76.1(73)	76	33.7	32	76	57
80×65	88.9	89	76.1(73)	76	86	83
80×50	88.9	89	60.3	57	86	76
80×40	88.9	89	48.3	45	86	73
80×32	88.9	89	42.4	38	86	70
90×80	101.6	-	88.9	-	95	92
90×65	101.6	-	76.1(73)	-	95	89
90×50	101.6	-	60.3	-	95	83
90×40	101.6	-	48.3	-	95	79
100×90	114.3	-	101.6	-	105	102
100×80	114.3	108	88.9	89	105	98
100×65	114.3	108	76.1(73)	76	105	95
100×50	114.3	108	60.3	57	105	89
100×40	114.3	108	48.3	45	105	86
125×100	139.7	133	114.3	108	124	117
125×90	139.7	-	101.6	-	124	114
125×80	139.7	133	88.9	89	124	111
125×65	139.7	133	76.1(73)	76	124	108
125×50		133	60.3	57	124	105
150×125	168.3	159	139.7	133	143	137
150×100	168.3	159	114.3	108	143	130
150×90	168.3	-	101.6	-	143	127
150×80	168.3	159	88.9	89	143	124
150×65	168.3	159	76.1(73)	76	143	121
200×150	219.1	219	168.3	159	178	168
200×125	219.1	219	139.7	133	178	162
200×100	219.1	219	114.3	108	178	156
200×90	219.1	-	101.6	-	178	152
200×200	273	273	219.1	219	216	208
200×150	273	273	168.3	159	216	194
200×125	273	273	139.7	133	216	191
200×100	273	273	114.3	108	216	184
300×250	323.9	325	273	273	254	241
300×200	323.9	325	219.1	219	254	229
300×150	323.9	325	168.3	159	254	219
300×125	323.9	325	139.7	133	254	216
350×300	355.6	377	323.9	325	279	270
350×250	355.6	377	273	273	279	257
350×200	355.6	377	219.1	219	279	248
350×150	355.6	377	168.3	159	279	238
400×350	406.4	426	355.6	377	305	305
400×300	406.4	426	323.9	325	305	295
400×250	406.4	426	273	273	305	283
400×200	406.4	426	219.1	219	305	273
400×150	406.4	426	168.3	159	305	264
450×400	457.2	478	406.4	426	343	330
450×350	457.2	478	355.6	377	343	330
450×300	457.2	478	323.9	325	343	321
450×250	457.2	478	273	273	343	308
450×200	457.2	478	219.1	219	343	298
500×450	508	529	457.2	478	381	368
500×100	508	529	406.4	426	381	356
500×350	508	529	355.6	377	381	356
500×300	508	529	323.9	325	381	346
500×250	508	529	273	273	381	333
500×200	508	529	219.1	219	381	324
550×500	559	-	508	-	419	406
550×450	559	-	457	-	419	394
550×400	559	-	406	-	419	381
600×550	610	-	559	-	432	432
600×550	610	630	508	530	432	432
600×450	610	630	457	480	432	419
650×600	660	-	610	-	495	483
650×550	660	-	559	-	495	470
650×500	660	-	508	-	495	457
700×650	711	-	660	-	521	521
700×600	711	720	610	630	521	508
700×550	711	-	559	-	521	495
750×700	762	-	711	-	559	546
750×650	762	-	660	-	559	546
750×600	762	-	610	-	559	533
800×750	813	-	762	-	597	584
800×700	813	820	711	720	597	572
800×650	813	-	660	-	597	572
850×800	864	-	813	-	635	622
850×750	864	-	762	-	635	610
850×700	864	-	711	-	635	597
900×850	914	-	864	-	673	660
900×800	914	920	813	820	673	648
900×750	914	-	762	-	673	635
950×900	965	-	914	-	711	711
950×850	965	-	864	-	711	698
950×800	965	-	813	-	711	686
1000×950	1016	-	965	-	749	749
1000×900	1016	1020	914	920	749	737
1000×8500	1016	-	864	-	749	724
1000×1000	1067	-	1016	-	762	711
1050×950	1067	-	965	-	762	711
1050×900	1067	-	914	-	762	711
1100×1050	1118	-	1067	-	813	762
1100×1000	1118	1120	1016	1020	813	749
1100×950	1118	-	965	-	813	737
1150×1100	1168	-	1118	-	851	800
1150×1050	1168	-	1067	-	851	787
1150×1000	1168	-	1016	-	851	775
1200×1150	1220	-	1168	-	889	838
1200×1100	1220	1220	1118	1120	889	838
1200×1050	1220	-	1067	-	889	813

Pipe fittings are necessary to join together pipes, or to change the direction of an existing pipe. Pipes and pipe fittings are made of a variety of materials, depending on the fluid or gas being transported. Most pipe fittings tend to be either threaded or able to slip over the pipes they connect. Whether you are using steel pipes of PVC pipes, a chemical solvent is required to create a seal between the pipe and the fittings.

Measure the required length of the pipe to be installed, keeping in mind the extra length required where the pipe will be inserted into the fitting. Mark this length on the pipe.

How to Calculate a Pipe Bend?

Measure the required length of the pipe to be installed, keeping in mind the extra length required where the pipe will be inserted into the fitting. Mark this length on the pipe.

Bevelled Ends

The ends of all buttweld fittings are bevelled, exceeding wall thickness 4 mm for austenitic stainless steel, or 5 mm for ferritic stainless steel. The shape of the bevel depending upon the actual wall thickness. This bevelled ends are needed to be able to make a “Butt weld”.

Welding Bevel acc.to ASME / ANSI B16.9 and ASME / ANSI B16.28

ASME B16.25 covers the preparation of buttwelding ends of piping components to be joined into a piping system by welding. It includes requirements for welding bevels, for external and internal shaping of heavy-wall components, and for preparation of internal ends (including dimensions and dimensional tolerances).

Our in-hourse R&D team developed bevel ends equipment are good using in thickness 2mm to 20mm pipe fittings, guarantee high efficiency and high quality.

These weld edge preparation requirements are also incorporated into the ASME standards (e.g., B16.9, B16.5, B16.34).

ASME B16.25 (BUTT WELD ENDS)

ASME B16.25 sets standards for the preparation of the ends of components that need to be welded together.

Cut square or slight chamfer, at manufacturer’s option for :

t ≤ 0.19” carbon steel or ferritic alloy steels
t ≤ 0.12” austenitic alloy steels

Buttweld Fittings general

A pipe fitting is defined as a part used in a piping system, for changing direction, branching or for change of pipe diameter, and which is mechanically joined to the system.

There are many different types of fittings and they are the same in all sizes and schedules as the pipe.

ASME / ANSI B16.9 dimension

ASME B16.9 Standard covers overall dimensions, tolerances,ratings, testing, and markings for factory-made wrought buttwelding fittings in sizes NPS 1⁄2 through NPS 48 (DN 15 through DN 1200).

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Nominal	Outside Diameter		90° Elbows		45° Elbows		180° Returns
Pipe Size			Long Radius	Short Radius	Long Radius		Long Radius
(inches)	(mm)	(inches)	Center to Face	Center to Face	Center to Face	Radius	Center to Center	Back to face
			(inches)	(inches)	(inches)	(inches)	(inches)	(inches)
1/2	21.3	0.84	1.5	–	5/8		2	1.875
3/4	26.7	1.05	1.125	–	7/16		2.25	1.6875
1	33.4	1.315	1.5	1	7/8		3	2.1875
1.25	42.2	1.66	1.875	1.25	1		3.75	2.75
1.5	48.3	1.9	2.25	1.5	1.125	3	4.5	3.25
2	60.3	2.375	3	2	1.375	4	6	4.1875
2.5	73	2.875	3.75	2.5	1.75	5	7.5	5.1875
3	88.9	3.5	4.5	3	2	6	9	6.25
3.5	101.6	4	5.25	3.5	2.25	7	10.5	7.25
4	114.3	4.5	6	4	2.5	8	12	8.25
5	141.3	5.563	7.5	5	3.125	10	15	10.3125
6	168.3	6.625	9	6	3.75	12	18	12.3125
8	219.1	8.625	12	8	5	12	24	16.3125
10	273.1	10.75	15	10	6.25	15	30	20.375
12	323.9	12.75	18	12	7.5	18	36	24.375

Tolerances of Welded Fittings

NOMINAL PIPE SIZE NPS	ANGULARITY TOLERANCES	ANGULARITY TOLERANCES
Size	Off Angle Q	Off Plane P
½ to 4	0.03	0.06
5 to 8	0.06	0.12
10 to 12	0.09	0.19
14 to 16	0.09	0.25
18 to 24	0.12	0.38
26 to 30	0.19	0.38
32 to 42	0.19	0.5
44 to 48	0.18	0.75

All dimensions are given in inches. Tolerances are equal plus and minus except as noted.

Out-of-round is the sum of absolute values of plus and minus tolerance.
This tolerance may not apply in localized areas of formed fittings where increased wall thickness is required to meet design requirements of ASME B16.9.
The inside diameter and the nominal wall thicknesses at ends are to be specified by the purchaser.
Unless otherwise specified by the purchaser, these tolerances apply to the nominal inside diameter, which equals the difference between the nominal outside diameter and twice the nominal wall thickness.

The ASME B16.9 pipe fittings can be used under the jurisdiction of the ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code (BPVC) as well as the ASME Code for pressure piping. Referencing pressure ratings of flanges per ASME B16.5, they can be designated as Classes 150, 300, 600, 900, 1500 and 2500. The allowable pressure ratings for ASME B16.9 pipe fittings may be calculated as for straight seamless pipe of equivalent material in accordance with the rules established in the applicable sections of ASME B31 Code for pressure piping.

Design of Fittings

The design of butt welding pipe fittings made to ASME B16.9 shall be established by one of the following methods: (a) mathematical analyses contained in pressure vessel or piping codes; (b) proof testing; (c) experimental stress analysis with hydrostatic testing to validate experimental results; (d) detailed stress analysis with results evaluation.

Standard Marking

Generally, ASME B16.9 pipe fittings shall be marked to show the following details: “trademark + material grade + wall thickness + size + heat number”. For example, “M ASTM A234 WP5 SCH80 6″ 385“. When steel stamps are used, care shall be taken so that
the marking is not deep enough or sharp enough to cause cracks or to reduce the wall thickness of the fitting below the minimum allowed.

Material & Manufacture

The ASME B16.9 fittings may be made from an extensive range of mateirals covering (1) carbon and low-alloy steels in accordance with ASTM A234 and ASTM A420; (2) austenitic and duplex stainless steels in accordance with ASTM A403 and ASTM A815; (3) nickel alloys in accordance with ASTM B366; (4) aluminum alloys in accordance with ASTM B361; and (5) titanium alloys in accordance with ASTM B363.

Pipe Fittings Dimensions Tolerance as per ASME B16.9:

Sizes 1/2″ – 48″

ASME / ANSI B16.9 Butt Weld Elbow – Long Radius
ASME / ANSI B16.9 Butt Weld Elbow – Short Radius
ASME / ANSI B16.9 Butt Weld Reducing Elbow
ASME / ANSI B16.9 Butt Weld 45° Elbow
ASME / ANSI B16.9 Butt Weld Fabricated Tee
ASME / ANSI B16.9 Butt Weld Reducer
ASME / ANSI B16.9 Butt Weld Concentric Reducer
ASME / ANSI B16.9 Butt Weld Eccentric Reducer
ASME / ANSI B16.9 Butt Weld 3D Elbow
ASME / ANSI B16.9 Butt Weld Stub Ends
ASME / ANSI B16.9 Butt Weld Cross
ASME / ANSI B16.9 Butt Weld Reducing Cross
ASME / ANSI B16.9 Butt Weld Tees
ASME / ANSI B16.9 Butt Weld End Cap
ASME / ANSI B16.9 Butt Weld Coupling
ASME / ANSI B16.9 Butt Weld Pipe Nipple
ASME / ANSI B16.9 Butt Weld 5D Elbow
ASME / ANSI B16.9 Butt Welded Pipe Fittings

Standard

Pipe fitting dimensions are in either metric or Standard English.

Because pipe fitting covers Pipe Fitting Dimensions several aspects, only the most common pipe fitting sizes can be given here. The most applied version is the 90° long radius and the 45° elbow, while the 90° short radius elbow is applied if there is too little space. The function of a 180° elbow is to change direction of flow through 180°. Both, the LR and the SR types have a center to center dimension double the matching 90° elbows. These fittings will generally be used in furnesses or other heating or cooling units.

Some of the standards that apply to buttwelded fittings are listed below. Many organizations such as ASME, ASTM, ISO, MSS, etc. have very well developed standards and specifications for buttwelded fittings. It is always up to the designer to ensure that they are following the applicable standard and company specification, if available, during the design process.

Some widely used pipe fitting standards are as follows:

ASME: American Society for Mechanical Engineers
This is one of the reputed organizations in the world developing codes and standards.
The schedule number for pipe fitting starts from ASME/ANSI B16. The various classifications of ASME/ANSI B16 standards for different pipe fittings are as follows:

ASME/ANSI B16.1 – 1998 – Cast Iron Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings
ASME/ANSI B16.3 – 1998 – Malleable Iron Threaded Fittings
ASME/ANSI B16.4 – 1998 – Cast Iron Threaded Fittings
ASME/ANSI B16.5 – 1996 – Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings
ASME/ANSI B16.11 – 2001 – Forged Steel Fittings, Socket-Welding and Threaded
ASME/ANSI B16.14 – 1991 – Ferrous Pipe Plugs, Bushings and Locknuts with Pipe Threads
ASME/ANSI B16.15 – 1985 (R1994) – Cast Bronze Threaded Fittings
ASME/ANSI B16.25 – 1997 – Buttwelding Ends
ASME/ANSI B16.36 – 1996 – Orifice Flanges etc.

ASTM International: American Society for Testing and Materials
This is one of the largest voluntary standards development organizations in the world. It was originally known as the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM).

ASTM A105/A105M – Specification for Carbon Steel Forgings for Piping Applications
ASTM A234/A234M – Specification for Piping Fittings of Wrought Carbon Steel and Alloy Steel for Moderate and High Temperature Service
ASTM A403/A403M – Specification for Wrought Austenitic Stainless Steel Piping Fittings
ASTM A420/A420M – Standard Specification for Piping Fittings of Wrought Carbon Steel and Alloy Steel for Low-Temperature Service

AWWA: American Water Works Association

AWWA About – Established in 1881, the American Water Works Association is the largest nonprofit, scientific and educational association dedicated to managing and treating water, the world’s most important resource.

AWWA C110 – Ductile-Iron and Gray-Iron Fittings, 3 Inch Through 48 Inch (75 mm Through 1200 mm), for Water and Other Liquids
AWWA C208 – Dimensions for Fabricated Steel Water Pipe Fittings

ANSI: The American National Standards Institute

ANSI is a private, non-profit organization. Its main function is to administer and coordinate the U.S. voluntary standardization and conformity assessment system. It provides a forum for development of American national standards. ANSI assigns “schedule numbers”. These numbers classify wall thicknesses for different pressure uses.

MSS STANDARDS: Manufacturers Standardization Society
The Manufacturers Standardization Society (MSS) of the Valve and Fittings Industry is a non-profit technical association organized for development and improvement of industry, national and international codes and standards for: Valves, Valve Actuators, Valve Modification, Pipe Fittings, Pipe Hangers, Pipe Supports, Flanges and Associated Seals

MSS SP-43 – Wrought Stainless Steel Butt-Welding Fittings Including Reference to Other Corrosion Resistant Materials
MSS SP-75 – Specifications for High Test Wrought Buttwelding Fittings
MSS SP-73 – Brazing Joints for Copper and Copper Alloy Pressure Fittings
MSS SP-83 – Class 3000 Steel Pipe Unions, Socket-Welding and Threaded
MSS SP-97 – Integrally Reinforced Forged Branch Outlet Fittings — Socket Welding, Threaded, and Buttwelding Ends
MSS SP-106 – Cast Copper Alloy Flanges and Flanged Fittings Class 125,150, and 300
MSS SP-119 – Factory-Made Wrought Belled End Socket Welding Fittings

Difference between “Standard” and “Codes”:

Piping codes imply the requirements of design, fabrication, use of materials, tests and inspection of various pipe and piping system. It has a limited jurisdiction defined by the code. On the other hand, piping standards imply application design and construction rules and requirements for pipe fittings like adapters, flanges, sleeves, elbows, union, tees, valves etc. Like a code, it also has a limited scope defined by the standard.

Factors affecting standards: “Standards” on pipe fittings are based on certain factors like as follows:

Pressure-temperature ratings
Size
Design
Coatings
Materials
Marking
End connections
Dimensions and tolerances
Threading
Pattern taper etc.

BSP: British Standard Pipe

BSP is the U.K. standard for pipe fittings. This refers to a family of standard screw thread types for interconnecting and sealing pipe ends by mating an external (male) with an internal (female) thread. This has been adopted internationally. It is also known as British Standard Pipe Taper threads (BSPT )or British Standard Pipe Parallel (Straight) threads (BSPP ). While the BSPT achieves pressure tight joints by the threads alone, the BSPP requires a sealing ring.

JIS: Japanese Industrial Standards

This is the Japanese industrial standards or the standards used for industrial activities in Japan for pipe, tube and fittings and published through Japanese Standards Associations.

NPT: National Pipe Thread

National Pipe Thread is a U.S. standard straight (NPS) threads or for tapered (NPT) threads. This is the most popular US standard for pipe fittings. NPT fittings are based on the internal diameter (ID) of the pipe fitting.

BOLTS & NUTS

We are manufacturer of Flange bolts & Nuts and supply high quality

A193 = This specification covers alloy and stainless steel bolting material for pressure vessels, Valves, flanges, and fittings for high temperature or high pressure service, or other special purpose applications.
A320 = Standard Specification for Alloy-Steel and Stainless Steel Bolting Materials for Low-Temperature Service.
A194 = Standard specification for nuts in many different material types.

AN: Here, “A” stands for Army and “N” stands for Navy

The AN standard was originally designed for the U.S. Military. Whenever, a pipe fitting is AN fittings, it means that the fittings are measured on the outside diameter of the fittings, that is, in 1/16 inch increments.

For example, an AN 4 fitting means a fitting with an external diameter of approximately 4/16″ or ¼”. It is to be noted that approximation is important because AN external diameter is not a direct fit with an equivalent NPT thread.

Dash (-) size

Dash size is the standard used to refer to the inside diameter of a hose. This indicates the size by a two digit number which represents the relative ID in sixteenths of an inch. This is also used interchangeably with AN fittings. For example, a Dash “8” fitting means an AN 8 fitting.

ISO: International Organization for Standardization

ISO is the industrial pipe, tube and fittings standards and specifications from the International Organization for Standardization. ISO standards are numbered. They have format as follows:

“ISO[/IEC] [IS] nnnnn[:yyyy] Title” where

nnnnn: standard number
yyyy: year published, and
Title: describes the subject

General standard

Standard	Specification
ASTM A234	Standard Specification for Piping Fittings of Wrought Carbon Steel and Alloy Steel for Moderate and High Temperature Service
ASTM A420	Standard Specification for Piping Fittings of Wrought Carbon Steel and Alloy Steel for Low-Temperature Service
ASTM A234 WPB	ASTM A234 WPB refers to a specific grade of carbon steel pipe fittings, which are widely used in pressure piping and pressure vessel fabrication for service at moderate and elevated temperatures.
ASME B16.9	ASME B16.9 Standard covers overall dimensions, tolerances,ratings, testing, and markings for factory-made wrought buttwelding fittings in sizes NPS 1⁄2 through NPS 48 (DN 15 through DN 1200).
ASME B16.28	ASME B16.28 Standard covers ratings, overall dimensions, testing, tolerances, and markings for wrought carbon and alloy steel buttwelding short radius elbows and returns.
MSS SP-97	MSS SP-97 Standard Practice covers essential dimensions, finish, tolerances, testing, marking, material, and minimum strength requirements for 90 degree integrally reinforced forged branch outlet fittings of buttwelding, socket welding, and threaded types.
ASTM A403	Standard Specification for Wrought Austenitic Stainless Steel Piping Fittings.

Wide variety for all areas of application

DIN	EN	ASME
St 35.8 I St 35.8 III 15 Mo 3 13 CrMo 4 4 10 CrMo 9 10 St 35 N St 52.0 St 52.4	P235GH-TC1 P235GH-TC2 16Mo3 13CrMo4-5 10CrMo9-10 X10CrMoVNb9-1 P215NL P265NL L360NB L360NE P355N P355NL1 P355NH	WPB WPL6 WPL3 WPHY 52 WP11 WP22 WP5 WP9 WP91 WP92